Log24

Thursday, September 15, 2016

Metaphysics at Scientific American

Filed under: General,Geometry — Tags: — m759 @ 9:36 pm

In 2011 Scientific American  magazine ran
the following promotional piece for one of their articles —

"Why 5, 8 and 24 Are the Strangest Numbers 
in the Universe
," by Michael Moyer, "the editor
in charge of physics and space coverage."

This is notably bad metaphysics. Numbers are, of course,
not  "in  the universe" — the universe, that is, of physics.

A passage from G. H. Hardy's Mathematician's Apology 
is relevant:

The contrast between pure and applied mathematics
stands out most clearly, perhaps, in geometry.
There is the science of pure geometry, in which there
are many geometries, projective geometry, Euclidean
geometry, non-Euclidean geometry, and so forth. Each
of these geometries is a model , a pattern of ideas, and
is to be judged by the interest and beauty of its particular
pattern. It is a map  or picture , the joint product of many
hands, a partial and imperfect copy (yet exact so far as
it extends) of a section of mathematical reality. But the
point which is important to us now is this, that there is
one thing at any rate of which pure geometries are not
pictures, and that is the spatio-temporal reality of the
physical world. It is obvious, surely, that they cannot be,
since earthquakes and eclipses are not mathematical
concepts.

By an abuse of language such as Burkard Polster's
quoted in the previous post, numbers may be said to be
in  the various "universes" of pure mathematics.

The Scientific American  article above is dated May 4, 2011.
See also Thomas Mann on metaphysics in this  journal
on that date.

Sunday, October 13, 2024

Cubehenge Review

Filed under: General — Tags: — m759 @ 10:15 am

YouTube: Hitler's Peer Review-- The Abstract

YouTube: Hitler's Peer Review-- Scientific American

Song lyric — "Somewhere . . ."

Real estate motto— Location, Location, Location.

Illustration— The fire leap scene from Wicker Man

http://www.log24.com/log/pix10B/100907-WickerManFireLeapScene.jpg

Thursday, November 9, 2023

The Enormous Mess

Filed under: General — Tags: — m759 @ 1:02 am
 

"Symmetry is the concept that something can undergo a series of transformations—spinning, folding, reflecting, moving through time—and, at the end of all those changes, appear unchanged. It lurks everywhere in the universe, from the configuration of quarks to the arrangement of galaxies in the cosmos.

The Enormous Theorem demonstrates with mathematical precision that any kind of symmetry can be broken down and grouped into one of four families, according to shared features. For mathematicians devoted to the rigorous study of symmetry, or group theorists, the theorem is an accomplishment no less sweeping, important, or fundamental than the periodic table of the elements was for chemists. In the future, it could lead to other profound discoveries about the fabric of the universe and the nature of reality.

Except, of course, that it is a mess: the equations, corollaries, and conjectures of the proof have been tossed amid more than 500 journal articles, some buried in thick volumes, filled with the mixture of Greek, Latin, and other characters used in the dense language of mathematics. Add to that chaos the fact that each contributor wrote in his or her idiosyncratic style.

That mess is a problem because without every piece of the proof in position, the entirety trembles. For comparison, imagine the two-million-plus stones of the Great Pyramid of Giza strewn haphazardly across the Sahara, with only a few people who know how they fit together. Without an accessible proof of the Enormous Theorem, future mathematicians would have two perilous choices: simply trust the proof without knowing much about how it works or reinvent the wheel. (No mathematician would ever be comfortable with the first option, and the second option would be nearly impossible.)"

Ornes, Stephen (2015). "The Whole Universe Catalog : Before they die, aging mathematicians are racing to save the Enormous Theorem's proof, all 15,000 pages of it, which divides existence four ways." Scientific American,  July 2015: 313 (1), 68–75. Reprinted in Stewart, Amy; Folger, Tim. The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2016  (The Best American Series) (pp. 222-230). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition.

    Compare and contrast with the ChatGPT version.

Saturday, November 26, 2022

Metaphorical Possibilities

Filed under: General — Tags: , , , — m759 @ 8:20 pm

"I’m kind of surprised there isn’t a Wisława Szymborska poem or 
Tom Stoppard play that explores the metaphorical possibilities
in the Borromean rings."
Evelyn Lamb in Scientific American , September 30, 2016.

Other mathematical structures also have metaphorical possibilities.

Perhaps not encantado  enough.

See Szymborska in this journal in the context of St. Bridget's Day.

Wednesday, June 29, 2022

Techie Wordplay: “Lynx”

Filed under: General — Tags: , , , — m759 @ 2:38 pm

On the  Lynx  web browser

"As of 2022, it is the oldest web browser still being maintained,,,,"

"The speed benefits of text-only browsing are most apparent
when using low bandwidth internet connections, or older computer
hardware that may be slow to render image-heavy content."
— Wikipedia [“Older” link added.]

And then there is . . .

See as well the LYNX of Oslo artist Josefine Lyche.

Update of June 30, 2022 —

Lyche, whose art often incorporates mathematical notions,
has not yet, as far as I know, explored the Borromean  link
(three rings, linked mutually but not pairwise) in her art.

Remarks by a different math fan, Evelyn Lamb

"I have had a thing for the Borromean rings for years now.
There’s something so poetic about them. The three rings
are strong together, but they fall apart if any one of them
is removed. Alternatively, the three rings are trapped together
until one of them leaves and sets the others free. I’m kind of
surprised there isn’t a Wisława Szymborska poem or 
Tom Stoppard play that explores the metaphorical possibilities
in the Borromean rings." — Scientific American , Sept. 30, 2016.

See also the Lamb date Sept. 30, 2016, as well as work 
by Lyche, in Log24 posts tagged Star Cube.

Related material — The Log24 post Borromean Generators.

Monday, March 21, 2022

Compare and Contrast.

Filed under: General — Tags: , — m759 @ 1:39 pm

Some historical background by the same Scientific American  author

Wednesday, April 28, 2021

Blocks in a Box

Filed under: General — Tags: — m759 @ 11:54 pm

In Scientific American  today —

For a more sophisticated approach to the phrase
"blocks in a box," search for "the 759 blocks" and
then see box759.wordpress.com.

The mathematics there is based on an apparently
less  sophisticated example of "blocks in a box" —

See also Cube Space in this  journal.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Gap Dance

Filed under: General — Tags: , — m759 @ 9:22 am

Continues.

“What would the pavement of the universe be
if there were gaps between the paving stones,
inaccessible and filled with nothing?”

— “Concerning Time,” by Iannis Xenakis and
Roberta Brown, on page 85, Perspectives of New Music ,
Vol. 27, No. 1 (Winter, 1989, pp. 84-92).

This post was suggested by the Aug. 19 remarks of
Karmela Padavic-Callaghan in Scientific American .

'Time's Arrow Flies through 500 Years of Classical Music'

Music for The Bowler and Casanova Frankenstein

Image from the website of the Scientific American  author.

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

Woo in Review

Filed under: General — m759 @ 12:12 pm

An article in Scientific American  today suggests a review of posts
now tagged "Euclid vs. Woo" and "Trudeau vs. Euclid."

Friday, December 27, 2019

The Secret Life of Mark Alpert

Filed under: General — Tags: — m759 @ 9:45 am

Booklist on Final Theory :

"Alpert, an editor for Scientific American , laces his high-IQ
doomsday thriller with clearly explicated and hauntingly beautiful
scientific theories…."

Booklist on The Omega Theory

"Alpert’s follow-up to his acclaimed first novel, Final Theory  (2008),
continues the adventures of science historian David Swift."

See as well this  journal on June 1, 2008.

God in the Object…

Filed under: General — Tags: — m759 @ 7:55 am

. . . Pace  Wallace Stevens.

"The history of the universe can thus be seen as
an endless chain of changes, but Aquinas argued
that there must be some transcendent entity that
initiated the chain, something that is itself
unchanging and that already possesses all of the
properties that worldly objects can come to possess.
He also claimed that this entity must be eternal;
because it is the root of all causes, nothing else
could’ve caused it. And unlike all worldly objects,
the transcendent entity is necessary—it must  exist."

— Mark Alpert in Scientific American, 12/23/2019

Friday, October 11, 2019

Quest

Filed under: General — m759 @ 3:45 am

John Horgan in Scientific American  magazine on October 8, 2019 —

"In the early 1990s, I came to suspect that the quest
for a unified theory is religious rather than scientific.
Physicists want to show that all things came from
one thing a force, or essence, or membrane
wriggling in eleven dimensions, or something that
manifests perfect mathematical symmetry. In their
search for this primordial symmetry, however,
physicists have gone off the deep end . . . ."

Other approaches —

See "Story Theory of Truth" in this  journal and, from the November 2019  
Notices of the American Mathematical Society . . .

Story Driven

More fundamental than the label of mathematician is that of human. And as humans, we’re hardwired to use stories to make sense of our world (story-receivers) and to share that understanding with others (storytellers) [2]. Thus, the framing of any communication answers the key question, what is the story we wish to share? Mathematics papers are not just collections of truths but narratives woven together, each participating in and adding to the great story of mathematics itself.

The first endeavor for constructing a good talk is recognizing and choosing just one storyline, tailoring it to the audience at hand. Should the focus be on a result about the underlying structures of group actions? . . . .

[2] Gottschall, J. , The Storytelling Animal ,
       Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012.

— "Giving Good Talks,"  by Satyan L. Devadoss

"Before time began, there was the Cube." — Optimus Prime

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Spiritual Kin

Filed under: General — Tags: , , , — m759 @ 12:00 pm

"The 15 Puzzle and the Magic Cube
are spiritual kin …."

"Metamagical Themas"  column,
Douglas R. Hofstadter, Scientific American ,
Vol. 244, No. 3 (March 1981), pp. 20-39

As are the 15 Schoolgirls and the Eightfold Cube.

Saturday, August 4, 2018

Manifestations of Exquisite Geometry

Filed under: General,Geometry — m759 @ 1:23 pm

An alleged manifestation in physics, from Scientific American  —

http://www.log24.com/log/pix18/180804-Exquisite_Geometry-subhead-Sciam-500w.jpg

Manifestations in pure mathematics, from Plato and R. T. Curtis  —

Counting symmetries with the orbit-stabilizer theorem

For some entertaining literary  manifestations, see Wrinkle.

Monday, June 11, 2018

Glitter

Filed under: General,Geometry — Tags: — m759 @ 8:32 pm

A Scientific American  headline today —

Glittering Diamond Dust in Space
Might Solve a 20-Year-Old Mystery

Related art —

"Never underestimate the power of glitter."

Glitter by Josefine Lyche, as of diamond dust

Background:  "Diamond Dust" + Glitter in this journal.

Tuesday, June 6, 2017

The Table

Filed under: General,Geometry — m759 @ 12:00 pm

John Horgan and James (Jim) McClellan, according to Horgan
in Scientific American  on June 1, 2017

Me: "Jim, you're a scholar! Professor! Esteemed historian of science! And yet you don’t really believe science is capable of producing truth."

Jim: "Science is stories we tell about nature. And some stories are better than other stories. And you can compare stories to each other on all kinds of grounds, but you have no access to"— he pauses for dramatic effect— "The Truth. Or any mode of knowing outside of your own story-telling capabilities, which include rationality, experiment, explanatory scope and the whole thing. I would love to have some means of making knowledge about the world that would allow us to say, 'This is really it. There really are goddamn electrons.'" He whacks the table.

See also posts tagged Dirac and Geometry and Glitch.

Monday, March 6, 2017

Bullshit Studies

Filed under: General — Tags: — m759 @ 1:19 am

From The Chronicle of Higher Education  on March 2, 2017 —

These days, in a world totally dependent on microprocessors, lasers, and nanotechnology, it has been estimated that 30 percent of the U.S. gross national product is based on inventions made possible by quantum mechanics. With the booming high-tech industry and the expected advent of quantum computers, this percentage will only grow. Within a hundred years, an esoteric theory of young physicists became a mainstay of the modern economy.

It took nearly as long for Einstein’s own theory of relativity, first published in 1905, to be used in everyday life in an entirely unexpected way. The accuracy of the global positioning system, the space-based navigation system that provides location and time information in today’s mobile society, depends on reading time signals of orbiting satellites. The presence of Earth’s gravitational field and the movement of these satellites cause clocks to speed up and slow down, shifting them by 38 milliseconds a day. In one day, without Einstein’s theory, our GPS tracking devices would be inaccurate by about seven miles.

Robbert Dijkgraaf, Director, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton

The above paragraphs are clearly propaganda, not physics.

For "It has been estimated," see

The "without Einstein 's theory" statement may or may not be correct.
See the lengthy discussion at

http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/1061/
why-does-gps-depend-on-relativity
.

See also Princeton's March of Mediocrity Continues.

Thursday, September 15, 2016

Metaphysics at Notre Dame

Filed under: General,Geometry — Tags: , , — m759 @ 11:07 pm

Recommended reading —

"When Analogies Fail," by Alexander Stern,
a doctoral candidate in philosophy at Notre Dame, in
The Chronicle of Higher Education  online September 11, 2016.

Related material —

That same Alexander Stern in this  journal on April 17, 2016:

See also the eightfold cube in the previous post,
Metaphysics at Scientific American:

Thursday, December 17, 2015

Hint of Reality

From an article* in Proceedings of Bridges 2014

As artists, we are particularly interested in the symmetries of real world physical objects.

Three natural questions arise:

1. Which groups can be represented as the group of symmetries of some real-world physical object?

2. Which groups have actually  been represented as the group of symmetries of some real-world physical object?

3. Are there any glaring gaps – small, beautiful groups that should have a physical representation in a symmetric object but up until now have not?

The article was cited by Evelyn Lamb in her Scientific American  
weblog on May 19, 2014.

The above three questions from the article are relevant to a more
recent (Oct. 24, 2015) remark by Lamb:

" finite projective planes [in particular, the 7-point Fano plane,
about which Lamb is writing] 
seem like a triumph of purely 
axiomatic thinking over any hint of reality…."

For related hints of reality, see Eightfold Cube  in this journal.

* "The Quaternion Group as a Symmetry Group," by Vi Hart and Henry Segerman

Thursday, November 5, 2015

The Monster

Filed under: General,Geometry — Tags: , , — m759 @ 9:00 am

In memory of Princeton mathematician John Nash

"For the past six years all over the world 
experts in the branch of abstract algebra
called group theory have been struggling
to capture a group known as the monster."

—Martin Gardner, Scientific American ,  June 1980

"When the Hawkline Monster moved to get a better view
of what was happening, the shadow, after having checked
all the possibilities of light, had discovered a way that it
could shift itself in front of the monster, so that the monster
at this crucial time would be blinded by darkness for a few
seconds, did so, causing confusion to befall the monster.

This was all that the shadow could do and it hoped that this
would give Greer and Cameron the edge they would need
to destroy the Hawkline Monster using whatever plan they
had come up with, for it seemed that they must have a plan
if they were to have any chance at all with the monster and
they did not seem like fools.

When Cameron yelled at Greer, the shadow interpreted this
as the time to move and did so. It obscured the vision of the
Hawkline Monster for a few seconds, knowing full well that if
the monster were destroyed it would be destroyed, too, but
death was better than going on living like this, being a part of
this evil."

— Richard Brautigan, The Hawkline Monster , 1974

From the post For Scientific Witch Hunters of October 30,
an illustration from The Boston Globe —

From the post Colorful Story (All Souls' Day),  
an Illustration from Google Book Search —

Earlier in Brautigan's tale

" Everybody started to leave the parlor to go downstairs
and pour out the Hawkline Monster but just as
they reached the door and one of the Hawkline women
had her hand on the knob, Cameron said, 'Hold it for a
second. I want to get myself a little whiskey.' "

Monday, November 2, 2015

Logic at Noon

Filed under: General — Tags: — m759 @ 12:01 pm

Scientific American  photo caption —

"Monday, November 2, marks the 200-year anniversary
of the birth of the man who put True/False, 0/1, and
AND/OR and NOT on the map."

See Hardegree's Symbolic Logic  on "and/or" and its purported use
"to avoid ambiguity in legal contracts." His book is NOT recommended.

See also Bryan Garner in the ABA Journal  on "and/or" in legal usage
as well as a post in this  journal, The Witch of And/Or.

Wednesday, June 4, 2014

Monkey Business

Filed under: General,Geometry — Tags: , , — m759 @ 8:48 pm

The title refers to a Scientific American weblog item
discussed here on May 31, 2014:

Some closely related material appeared here on
Dec. 30, 2011:

IMAGE- Quaternion group acting on an eightfold cube

A version of the above quaternion actions appeared
at math.stackexchange.com on March 12, 2013:

"Is there a geometric realization of Quaternion group?" —

The above illustration, though neatly drawn, appeared under the
cloak of anonymity.  No source was given for the illustrated group actions.
Possibly they stem from my Log24 posts or notes such as the Jan. 4, 2012,
note on quaternion actions at finitegeometry.org/sc (hence ultimately
from my note "GL(2,3) actions on a cube" of April 5, 1985).

Saturday, May 31, 2014

Quaternion Group Models:

Filed under: General,Geometry — Tags: , , , — m759 @ 10:00 am

The ninefold square, the eightfold cube, and monkeys.

IMAGE- Actions of the unit quaternions in finite geometry, on a ninefold square and on an eightfold cube

For posts on the models above, see quaternion
in this journal. For the monkeys, see

"Nothing Is More Fun than a Hypercube of Monkeys,"
Evelyn Lamb's Scientific American  weblog, May 19, 2014:

The Scientific American  item is about the preprint
"The Quaternion Group as a Symmetry Group,"
by Vi Hart and Henry Segerman (April 26, 2014):

See also  Finite Geometry and Physical Space.

Friday, January 18, 2013

Solomon’s Rep-tiles

Filed under: General,Geometry — Tags: — m759 @ 1:04 pm

"Rep-tiles Revisited," by Viorel Nitica, in MASS Selecta: Teaching and Learning Advanced Undergraduate Mathematics ,  American Mathematical Society, 2003—

"The goal of this note is to take a new look at some of the most amazing objects discovered in recreational mathematics. These objects, having the curious property of making larger copies of themselves, were introduced in 1962 by Solomon W. Golomb [2], and soon afterwards were popularized by Martin Gardner [3] in Scientific American…."

2.  S. W. Golomb: "Replicating Figures in the Plane," Mathematical Gazette  48, 1964, 403-412

3.  M. Gardner: "On 'Rep-tiles,' Polygons That Can Make Larger and Smaller Copies of Themselves," Scientific American  208, 1963, 154-157

Two such "amazing objects"—

Triangle

Square

For a different approach to the replicating properties of these objects, see the square-triangle theorem.

For related earlier material citing Golomb, see Not Quite Obvious (July 8, 2012; scroll down to see the update of July 15.).

Golomb's 1964 Gazette  article may now be purchased at JSTOR for $14.

Saturday, October 6, 2012

Black March

Filed under: General — Tags: — m759 @ 5:18 pm
 

Log24, Dec. 18, 2006:

“I did a column in Scientific American on minimal art,
and I reproduced one of Ed Rinehart’s [sic ] black paintings.”
— Martin Gardner,
Notices of the American Mathematical Society ,  June/July 2005

“… the entire profession has received a very public
and very bad black mark.”
— Joan S. Birman,
Notices of the American Mathematical Society ,  January 2007

Related posts— See "Bad Black Mark" in this journal.

See also two items from St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 2005—

Midnight Drums for Larry  and…

IMAGE- St. Patrick's Day 2005 talk at Columbia by John D. McCarthy

IMAGE- John D. McCarthy at Birman conference, March 15-20, 2005

Click McCarthy photo for some more recent material.

Saturday, July 21, 2012

Saturday Morning Cartoon

Filed under: General — Tags: , — m759 @ 9:00 am

"A Saturday morning cartoon is the colloquial term
for the animated television programming that has
typically been scheduled on Saturday mornings
on the major American television networks from
the 1960s to the present…." —Wikipedia

Martin Gardner in the Notices of the
American Mathematical Society 
,
June/July 2005:

“I did a column in Scientific American 
on minimal art, and I reproduced one of
Ed Rinehart’s [sic ] black paintings. 
Of course, it was just a solid square of
pure black.”

Black square 256x256

Click on picture for details.

For a cartoon graveyard

IMAGE- LA Times obits for two Saturday Night Live writers

Saturday, April 28, 2012

Sprechen Sie Deutsch?

Filed under: General,Geometry — Tags: — m759 @ 10:48 am

A Log24 post, "Bridal Birthday," one year ago today linked to
"The Discrete and the Continuous," a brief essay by David Deutsch.

From that essay—

"The idea of quantization—
the discreteness of physical quantities
turned out to be immensely fruitful."

Deutsch's "idea of quantization" also appears in
the April 12 Log24 post Mythopoetic

"Is Space Digital?" 

— Cover storyScientific American 
     magazine, February 2012

"The idea that space may be digital
  is a fringe idea of a fringe idea
  of a speculative subfield of a subfield."

— Physicist Sabine Hossenfelder 
     at her weblog on Feb. 5, 2012

"A quantization of space/time
 is a holy grail for many theorists…."

— Peter Woit in a comment 
      at his weblog on April 12, 2012

It seems some clarification is in order.

Hossenfelder's "The idea that space may be digital"
and Woit's "a quantization of space/time" may not
refer to the same thing.

Scientific American  on the concept of digital space—

"Space may not be smooth and continuous.
Instead it may be digital, composed of tiny bits."

Wikipedia on the concept of quantization—

Causal setsloop quantum gravitystring theory,
and 
black hole thermodynamics all predict
quantized spacetime….

For a purely mathematical  approach to the
continuous-vs.-discrete issue, see
Finite Geometry and Physical Space.

The physics there is somewhat tongue-in-cheek,
but the geometry is serious.The issue there is not
continuous-vs.-discrete physics , but rather
Euclidean-vs.-Galois geometry .

Both sorts of geometry are of course valid.
Euclidean geometry has long been applied to 
physics; Galois geometry has not. The cited
webpage describes the interplay of both  sorts
of geometry— Euclidean and Galois, continuous
and discrete— within physical space— if not
within the space of physics.

Thursday, April 12, 2012

Mythopoetic*

Filed under: General,Geometry — m759 @ 9:29 pm

"Is Space Digital?" 

Cover storyScientific American  magazine, February 2012

"The idea that space may be digital
  is a fringe idea of a fringe idea
  of a speculative subfield of a subfield."

— Physicist Sabine Hossenfelder
     at her weblog on Feb. 5, 2012

"A quantization of space/time
 is a holy grail for many theorists…."

— Peter Woit in a comment at his physics weblog today

See also 

* See yesterday's Steiner's Systems.

Friday, February 17, 2012

Pregeometry and Finite Geometry

Filed under: General,Geometry — Tags: — m759 @ 7:35 pm

Today's previous post, on the Feb. 2012 Scientific American
article "Is Space Digital?", suggested a review of a notion
that the theoretical physicist John Archibald Wheeler called
pregeometry .

From a paper on that topic—

"… the idea that geometry should constitute
'the magic building material of the universe'
had to collapse on behalf of what Wheeler
has called pregeometry  (see Misner et al. 1973,
pp. 1203-1212; Wheeler 1980), a somewhat
indefinite term which expresses “a combination
of hope and need, of philosophy and physics
and mathematics and logic” (Misner et al. 1973,
p. 1203)."

— Jacques Demaret, Michael Heller, and
Dominique Lambert, "Local and Global Properties
of the World," preprint of paper published in
Foundations of Science  2 (1): 137-176

Misner, C. W., Thorne, K. S. and Wheeler, J. A.
1973, Gravitation , W.H. Freeman and Company:
San Francisco.

Wheeler, J.A. 1980, "Pregeometry: Motivations
and Prospects," in: Quantum Theory and Gravitation ,
ed. A.R. Marlow, Academic Press: New York, pp. 1-11.

Some related material from pure mathematics—

http://www.log24.com/log/pix12/120217-Pregeometry_And_Geometry.jpg

Click image for further details.

Physics vs. Geometry

Filed under: General,Geometry — m759 @ 12:25 pm

Physics

The February 2012 issue of Scientific American 
has a cover article titled "Is Space Digital?".

http://www.log24.com/log/pix12/120217-IsSpaceDigital.jpg

The article discusses whether physical space
"is made of chunks. Blocks. Bits."

Maybe it is, maybe it isn't.

Geometry

The word "space" in pure mathematics
(as opposed to physics) applies to
a great variety of structures.

Some are continuous, some are not.

For some purely mathematical structures
that are not  continuous, (i.e., are made of
"chunks, blocks, bits") see finitegeometry.org/sc
in particular, the pages on Finite Geometry and Physical Space
and on Noncontinuous Groups.

The geometry of these structures may or may not eventually
be relevant to the "21st-century physics" discussed
in the February Scientific American.

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